Resumen
Our objective in this paper is to present and discuss the complexification of the process of platformization of journalism by Facebook, triggered by the implementation of the Facebook Journalism Project (FJP), in January 2017. Since then, the platform has been associating itself with new and varied actors, expanding its fronts and positioning itself as a coordinator of activities related to journalistic institutions. At the same time, it continued to offer itself as an infrastructure for the development of journalistic products and businesses. Based on the Platform Studies and methodologically inspired by the Cartography of Controversies, we present the FJP and public demonstrations by journalists, researchers and other actors involved in its implementation. The diversification of partnerships, the inclusion of pedagogical actions, the renegotiation of prescriptive and normative dimensions that guide journalistic institutions, and the consolidation of the platform as an infrastructure are the main issues discussed at the conclusions.
Nosso objetivo neste artigo é apresentar e discutir a complexificação do processo de plataformização do jornalismo pelo Facebook, a partir da implementação do Facebook Journalism Project (FJP), em janeiro de 2017. Desde então, a plataforma vem se associando a novos e variados atores, ampliando suas frentes de atuação e se posicionando como uma coordenadora de atividades relacionadas às instituições jornalísticas. Ao mesmo tempo, continuou a se oferecer como infraestrutura para o desenvolvimento dos produtos e negócios jornalísticos. Ancorados nos Estudos de Plataforma e inspirados metodologicamente na Cartografia das Controvérsias, apresentamos o FJP e manifestações públicas de jornalistas, pesquisadores e outros atores interessados em sua implementação. A diversificação das parcerias, a inclusão de ações pedagógicas, a renegociação das dimensões prescritivas e normativas que orientam as instituições jornalísticas, e a consolidação da plataforma como infraestrutura são algumas das questões discutidas ao final do artigo.
Nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es presentar y discutir la complejización del proceso de plataformización de periodismo por parte de Facebook, a partir de la implementación del Facebook Journalism Project (FJP), en enero de 2017. Desde entonces, la plataforma se ha ido asociando con nuevos y variados actores, ampliando sus frentes y posicionándose como coordinadora de actividades relacionadas con las instituciones periodísticas. Al mismo tiempo, continuó ofreciéndose como infraestructura para el desarrollo de productos y negocios periodísticos. Basados en los Estudios de Plataforma e inspirados metodológicamente en la Cartografía de Controversias, presentamos el FJP y demostraciones públicas de periodistas, investigadores y otros actores interesados en su implementación. La diversificación de las alianzas, la inclusión de acciones pedagógicas, la renegociación de las dimensiones prescriptivas y normativas que orientan las instituciones periodísticas, y la consolidación de la plataforma como infraestructura son algunos de los temas discutidos al final del artículo.
Citas
Akkad, F. (2018, Nov. 28). Launching the Social Media Solutions Program in the Middle East and North Africa. Facebook Journalism Project. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/journalismproject/facebook-social-media-solutions-program
Barros, L., & Kastrup, V. (2012). Cartografar é acompanhar processos. In E. Passos, V. Kastrup, & L. de Escóssia (Eds.), Pistas do método da cartografia: Pesquisa-intervenção e produção de subjetividade (pp.52–75). Sulina.
Bell, E. (2017, Feb. 01). Facebook and the press: The transfer of power. Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved from www.cjr.org/tow_center/facebook-and-the-press-the-transfer-of-power.php
Bogost, I., & Montfort, N. (2009). Platform studies: Frequently questioned answers.
Brown, C., & Simo, F. (2017, Jul. 20). Facebook Journalism Project: Six Month Update. Facebook for Media. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/formedia/blog/facebook-journalism-project-six-month-update
Brown, P. (2018, Feb. 02). More than half of Facebook Instant Articles partners may have abandoned it. Town Center. Retrieved from www.cjr.org/tow_center/are-facebook-instant-articles-worth-it.php
Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New media & society, 14(7), 1164–1180. DOI: 10.1177/1461444812440159
Bucher, T., & Helmond, A. (2017). The affordances of social media platforms. In J. Burgess, A. Marwick, & T. Poell (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social media (pp.223–253). Sage. DOI: 10.4135/9781473984066.n14
Burke, A. (2016, Nov. 11). Facebook Influenced Election? Crazy Idea, Says Zuckerberg. Techonomy. Retrieved from techonomy.com/2016/11/28196
Cole, C., & Kruman, M. (2019, Feb. 28). Introducing a New Online Course: Facebook Safety for Journalists. Facebook Journalism Project. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/journalismproject/Facebook-safety-for-journalists-online-course
d’Andréa, C., Jurno, A., & DalBen, S. (2019). Mapeando controvérsias algorítmicas (e suas tensões com e no jornalismo). In B. G. Martins, M. A. Moura, S. C. Pessoa, & G. M. Vianna (Eds.), Experiências metodológicas em textualidades midiáticas (pp.141–162). Relicário.
Facebook. (2019, Apr. 25). Facebook Supports Local News in Brazil. Facebook Journalism Project. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/journalismproject/Facebook-local-news-brazil
Facebook Journalism Project. (2019). About. Facebook Journalism Project. Retrieved from https://facebookjournalismproject.com/about
Gillespie, T. (2018). A relevância dos algoritmos. Parágrafo, 6(1), 95–121. Retrieved from revistaseletronicas.fiamfaam.br/index.php/recicofi/article/view/722/563
Goel, V., & Somaiya, R. (2015, May 13). Facebook Begins Testing Instant Articles From News Publishers. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/technology/facebook-media-venture-to-include-nbc-buzzfeed-and-new-york-times.html
Hardiman, A., & Salari, S. (2018, Jun. 27). Facebook Invests in News Subscriptions. Facebook Journalism Project. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/journalismproject/Facebook-invests-news-subscriptions
Irani, L. (2015). Hackathons and the Making of Entrepreneurial Citizenship. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 40(5), 799–824. DOI: 10.1177/0162243915578486
Jácome, P. P. (2020). A constituição moderna do jornalismo no Brasil. Curitiba: Editora Appris.
Jenkins, J., & Kerr, A. (2017, 10 de abril). Introducing the Facebook for Journalists Certificate. Facebook for media. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/formedia/blog/introducing-the-facebook-for-journalists-certificate
Jurno, A. C. (2020). Facebook e a plataformização do jornalismo: uma cartografia das disputas, parcerias e controvérsias entre 2014 e 2019 [doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]. Repositório Institucional da UFMG.
Jurno, A., & d’Andréa, C. (2017). Do Algorithms Have Cosmopolitics? A Discussion Based On Facebook’s Nudity Policy. AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research. Retrieved from journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/spir/article/view/10209
Jurno, A. C., & D’Andréa, C. F. B. (2020). Facebook e a plataformização do jornalismo: um olhar para os Instant Articles. Revista Eptic, 22(1), 179–196. Retrieved from seer.ufs.br/index.php/eptic/article/view/12084
Latour, B. (2012). Reagregando o social: uma introdução à teoria do ator-rede. Edufba.
Mangalick, P. (2017, Aug. 03). Ideas from the Facebook Journalism Project Hackathons. Facebook for media. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/formedia/blog/ideas-from-the-facebook-journalism-project-hackathons
Marres, N. (2015). Why Map Issues? On Controversy Analysis as a Digital Method. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 40(5), 655–686. DOI: 10.1177/0162243915574602
Marshall, J. (2015, Nov. 11). Facebook Mulls Ad Changes for Instant Articles After Publisher Pushback. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-mulls-ad-changes-for-instant-articles-after-publisher-pushback-1447281399
Matt, B. (2019). We’re joining Facebook! CrowdTangle. Retrieved from de www.crowdtangle.com
Moses, L. (2018, Jan. 06). One year in, Facebook Journalism Project gets mixed reviews from publishers. DIGIDAY UK. Retrieved from digiday.com/media/one-year-facebook-journalism-project-gets-mixed-reviews-publishers
Mosseri, A. (2016, Dec. 15). Addressing Hoaxes and Fake News. Newsroom. Retrieved from about.fb.com/news/2016/12/news-feed-fyi-addressing-hoaxes-and-fake-news/
Nechushtai, E. (2018). Could digital platforms capture the media through infrastructure? Journalism, 19(8), 1043–1058. DOI: 10.1177/1464884917725163
Nerone, J. (2015). Journalism’s Crisis of Hegemony. Javnost – The Public, 22(4), 313 – 327. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2015.1091614
Nieborg, D. B., & Poell, T. (2018). The platformization of cultural production: Theorizing the contingent cultural commodity. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4275–4292. DOI: 10.1177/1461444818769694
Nielsen, R.K., & Ganter, S. A. (2018). Dealing with digital intermediaries: A case study of the relations between publishers and platforms. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1600–1617. DOI: 10.1177/1461444817701318
Nunez, M. (2016, May 09). Former Facebook Workers: We Routinely Suppressed Conservative News. Gizmodo. Retrieved from gizmodo.com/former-facebook-workers-we-routinely-suppressed-conser-1775461006
Plantin, J.-C., Lagoze, C., Edwards, P. N., & Sandvig, C. (2018). Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook. New Media & Society, 20(1), 293–310. DOI: 10.1177/1461444816661553
Reckhow, M. (2015, May 12). Introducing Instant Articles. Facebook for media. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/formedia/blog/introducing-instant-articles
Salari, S. (2018, Dec. 06). Facebook Subscriptions Test Expands to More Publishers. Facebook for developers. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/journalismproject/facebook-subscriptions-test-expands-more-publishers
Simo, F. (2017, Jan. 11). Introducing: The Facebook Journalism Project. Facebook Journalism Project. Retrieved from www.facebook.com/journalismproject/introducing-facebook-journalism-project
Solberg, E. (2016, Sep. 09). Facebook had no right to edit history. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/09/facebook-napalm-vietnamese-deleted-norway
Stelter, B. (2019, Jan. 15). Facebook, fighting off skeptics, plans to invest $300 million in journalism programs. CNN. Retrieved from edition.cnn.com/2019/01/15/media/facebook-investment-news-programs/index.html
Stevens, L. (2017, Oct. 18). BuzzFeed CEO: Google, Facebook Should Share More Revenue. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from www.wsj.com/articles/buzzfeed-ceo-google-facebook-should-share-more-revenue-1508356543
Van Dijck, J. (2013). Facebook and the engineering of connectivity: A multi-layered approach to social media platforms. Convergence, 19(2), 141–155. DOI: 10.1177/1354856512457548
Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & De Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
Venturini, T. (2010). Diving in magma: how to explore controversies with actor-network theory. Public Understanding of Science, 19(3), 258–273. DOI: 10.1177/0963662509102694
Zuckerberg, M. (2016, Nov. 13). I want to share some thoughts on Facebook and the election. Our goal is to give every person a voice. Facebook. www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271
Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.