A Mouthpiece for Truth: Foreign Aid for Media Development and the Making of Journalism in the Global South
PDF (English)
PDF (ES)

Palavras-chave

Journalism. Foreign Aid
Media Development
Democracy
Objectivity

Como Citar

Lugo-Ocando, J. (2018). A Mouthpiece for Truth: Foreign Aid for Media Development and the Making of Journalism in the Global South. Brazilian Journalism Research, 14(2), 412–431. https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v14n2.2018.1101

Resumo

This piece explores the role of Foreign Aid in developing the current framework in which journalism operates in the Global South. It looks at how international development efforts have been crucial in fostering particular models of journalism while arguing that this explains the current international convergence around journalistic values, normative claims and news cultures. In so doing, the piece suggests that raise of professional journalism should not be interpreted necessarily as a historical ‘occurrence’ but rather be also considered as part of a larger enterprise to construct a sense of nationhood. In opening these questions, it invites the reader to understand news values such as objectivity, balance and fairness within national historical efforts seeking hegemonic status in an increasingly globalised world. It suggests that international aid efforts to foster media development are key in explaining the spread of particular models of journalism education and practice.

Este artigo explora o papel dos programas de Assistência Internacional e Cooperação para o desenvolvimento e a construção conceitual em que opera o jornalismo moderno. O artigo analisa como os esforços internacionais de assistência ao desenvolvimento têm sido cruciais para promover modelos particulares de jornalismo e argumenta que isso explica a atual convergência internacional em torno dos valores fundamentais para as práticas jornalísticas, suas aspirações profissionais, normativas e de de uma cultura da notícia. Ao fazê-lo, o artigo sugere que o jornalismo não deve necessariamente ser interpretado como um "evento" histórico, mas também deve ser considerado como parte de um empreendimento maior na construção da ideologia de uma nação. O artigo trabalha para o entendimento dos valores no jornalismo - como objetividade, equilíbrio e imparcialidade na produção de notícias – no contexto de esforços históricos nacionais que contribuiram para estabelecer o status hegemônico do Ocidente em um mundo cada vez mais globalizado. O artigo sugere que os esforços dos programas de Assistência Internacional e Cooperação para incentivar o desenvolvimento da mídia são fundamentais para explicar a difusão de modelos específicos de ensino e de prática do jornalismo. '

Este artículo analiza el papel que tienen los Programas de Asistencia y Cooperación Internacional en el desarrollo y formación del marco conceptual del periodismo actual y sus prácticas en el Sur Global. En particular, este analiza cómo los esfuerzos internacionales de asistencia para el desarrollo han sido cruciales en el fomento de determinados modelos de periodismo, al tiempo que argumenta que estas acciones explican la actual convergencia internacional en torno a los valores fundamentales de las prácticas periodísticas, sus aspiraciones profesionales normativas y las culturas noticiosas. Al plantear esta disyuntiva, se sugiere que el periodismo no debe interpretarse necesariamente como un “acontecimiento” histórico, sino que debe considerarse como parte de un largo proceso dirigido a la construcción de un ideario de nación. De este modo, se invita al lector a examinar determinados valores noticiosos –tales como la objetividad y el equilibrio en la noticia- como parte de las estrategias históricas nacionales dirigidas a establecer y mantener el estatus hegemónico de Occidente en un mundo cada vez más globalizado. El artículo señala que los esfuerzos de ayuda internacional para fomentar el desarrollo de los medios de comunicación son claves a la hora de explicar la difusión de modelos específicos de educación y práctica periodística.
https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v14n2.2018.1101
PDF (English)
PDF (ES)

Referências

Aldroubi, M. (2017, Aug. 15). Bahrain says Qatar's media is making diplomatic crisis worse. The National. Retrieved from https://www.thenational.ae/world/gcc/bahrain-says-qatar-s-media-is-making-diplomatic-crisis-worse-1.620047

Alvear, F. J., & Lugo-Ocando, J. (2016). When Geopolitics becomes Moral Panic: El Mercurio and the use of international news as propaganda against Salvador Allende’s Chile (1970–1973). Media History, 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2016.1211929

Ambrosius, L. (2002). Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and his legacy in American foreign relations. New York: Springer.

Anderson, B. (2006 [1983]). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Londres: Verso Books.

Appy, C. (2000). Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of United States Imperialism, 1945-66. Amherst, Massachusetts: University Massachusetts Press.

Arasa, D. (2015). La Batalla de las Ondas enla Guerra Civil Española. Girona, España: Editorial Grega.

Banning, S. A. (1998). The professionalization of journalism: A nineteenth-century beginning. Journalism History, 24(4), 157-163. Retrieved from https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-40717919/the-professionalization-of-journalism-a-nineteenth-century

Barnes, T. (1981). The secret cold war: the CIA and American foreign policy in Europe, 1946–1956. Part I. The Historical Journal, 24(2), 399-415. DOI: doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X00005537

Beltrán, L. R. (2006). La comunicación para el desarrollo en Latinoamérica: un recuento de medio siglo. Revista Anagramas - Rumbos y sentidos de la comunicación 4 (8), 53-76 Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/html/4915/491549031003/

Bernstein, C. (1977). The CIA and the Media. Retrieved from http://lust-for-life.org/Lust-For-Life/_Textual/CarlBernstein_TheCIAAndTheMedia_20oct1977_35pp/CarlBernstein_TheCIAAndTheMedia_20oct1977_35pp.pdf

Blackburn, R. (2006). Haiti, slavery, and the age of the democratic revolution. The William and Mary Quarterly, 63(4), 643-674.

Boyd-Barrett, O. (1980). The international news agencies (Vol. 13). London: Constable Limited.

Boyd-Barrett, O. & Rantanen, T. (1998). The globalization of news. London: Sage.

Bräutigam, D. A & Knack, S. (2004). Foreign aid, institutions, and governance in sub-Saharan Africa. Economic development and cultural change, 52(2), 255-285. DOI: 10.1086/380592

Bushnell, D. (1950). The development of the press in Great Colombia. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 30(4), 432-452. DOI: 10.2307/2509284

Chaparro Escudero, M. (2016). Del pensamiento de Luis Ramiro Beltrán a las Epistemologías de la liberación y la alteridad. Revista Internacional de Comunicación y Desarrollo (RICD) 1.3, 143-153. DOI: 10304/ricd.1.3.3062

Chatterjee, P. (1993). The nation and its fragments: Colonial and postcolonial histories (Vol. 11). New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University.

Conboy, M. (2004). Journalism: a critical history. London: Sage.

Conboy, M. (2006). Tabloid Britain: Constructing a community through language. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis.

Cook, C. (2016). Money under fire: The ethics of revenue generation for oppositional news outlets. Ethical Space. The International Journal of Communication Ethics, 2(3), 66-80. Retrieved from http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6359/1/v13n2-3.pdf

Corvalán, L. (2003). El gobierno de Salvador Allende. Santiago de Chile: LOM ediciones.

Cull, N. J. (2008). Public diplomacy: Taxonomies and histories. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 616(1), 31-54. DOI: 10.1177/0002716207311952

Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1464884905056815

Diaz-Rangel, E. (1976). Pueblos sub-informados. Caracas: Monte Ávila Editores.

Elliott, P. & Golding, P. (1974). Mass communication and social change: The imagery of development and the development of imagery. In E. De Kadt & G. Williams (Eds.), Sociology and development (pp. 229-254). Londres: Tavistock Publications.

Fischer, S. (2013). Bolívar in Haiti: Republicanism in the Revolutionary Atlantic. Haiti and the Americas, 25-53.

Frère, M. S. (2012). Perspectives on the media in ‘another Africa’. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 33(3), 1-12. DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2012.732218

Frère, M. S. (2015). Francophone Africa: The rise of ‘pluralist authoritarian’media systems? African Journalism Studies, 36(1), 103-112. DOI: 10.1080/23743670.2015.1008176

Gauthier, G. (1993). In defence of a supposedly outdated notion: The range of application of journalistic objectivity. Canadian Journal of communication, 18(4), 497.

Golding, P. (1977). Media professionalism in the Third World: The transfer of an ideology. In J. Curran; M. Gurevitch and J. Woollacott. Mass communication and society (pp. 291-308). London: Edward Arnold.

Hanitzsch, T. (2016). The WJS 2012-2016 Study. Retrieved from http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/

Hanitzsch, T., Anikina, M., Berganza, R., Cangoz, I., Coman, M., Hamada, B., . . . Moreira, S. V. (2010). Modeling perceived influences on journalism: Evidence from a cross-national survey of journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(1), 5-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107769901008700101

Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F., Mellado, C., Anikina, M., Berganza, R., Cangoz, I., Karadjov, C. D. (2011). Mapping journalism cultures across nations: A comparative study of 18 countries. Journalism Studies, 12(3), 273-293. doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.512502

Harkins, S., & Lugo-Ocando, J. (2016a). All People Are Equal, but Some People Are More Equal Than Others. En J. Servaes & T. Oyedemi (Eds.), The Praxis of Social Inequality in Media: A Global Perspective (pp. 3-20). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.

Harkins, S., & Lugo-Ocando, J. (2016b). How Malthusian ideology crept into the newsroom: British tabloids and the coverage of the ‘underclass’. Critical Discourse Studies, 13(1), 78-93. DOI: doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2015.1074594

Harkins, S. & Lugo-Ocando, J. (2018). Poor News: Media Discourses of Poverty in Times of Austerity. Londres: Rowman & Littlefield International.

Hudson, M. (2017, Apr. 07). Panama Papers win the Pulitzer Prize. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Retrieved from https://www.icij.org/blog/2017/04/panama-papers-wins-pulitzer-prize

Ings, S. (2017). Stalin and the Scientists: A History of Triumph and Tragedy, 1905-1953. London: Faber & Faber.

Janowitz, M. (1975). Professional models in journalism: The gatekeeper and the advocate. Journalism Quarterly, 52(4), 618-626.

Jenkins, R. (2001). Mistaking ‘Governance’ for ‘Politics’: Foreign Aid, Democracy and the Construction of Civil Society. In S. Kaviraj, & S. Khilnani, (Eds.) Civil Society: History and Possibilities (pp. 250-268). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Knock, T. (1992). To end all wars: Woodrow Wilson and the quest for a new world order. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lomøy, J. (2011). Measuring Aid: 50 Years of DAC Statistics 1961-2011 (D. A. C. (DAC), Trans.) (2 ed., Vol. 1, pp. 18). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Lugo-Ocando, J. (2008). The Media in Latin America. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Lugo-Ocando, J. (2014). Blaming the victim: How global journalism fails those in poverty. London: Pluto Press.

Lugo-Ocando, J. & Nguyen, A. (2017). Developing News: Global Journalism and the Coverage of "Third World" Development. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis.

MacBride-Commission. (2003 [1980]). Many voices, one world: Communication and society, today and tomorrow: The MacBride report. Lanham, Maryland: Unesco/Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Malthus, R. (2008 [1798]). An Essay on the Principle of Population. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Maras, S. (2013). Objectivity in journalism. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Martinisi, A. & Lugo-Ocando, J. (2015). Overcoming the objectivity of the senses: Enhancing journalism practice through Eastern philosophies. International Communication Gazette, 77(5), 439-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1748048515586944

Mattelart, A. (2002). Geopolítica de la cultura. Santiago de Chile: Lom Ediciones.

McNair, B. (2000). Journalism and democracy. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Mellado, C., Moreira, S. V., Lagos, C. & Hernández, M. E. (2012). Comparing journalism cultures in Latin America: the case of Chile, Brazil and Mexico. International Communication Gazette, 74(1), 60-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1748048511426994

Mindich, D. (2000). Just the facts: How "objectivity" came to define American journalism. New York: New York University Press.

Moyo, D. (2009). Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa. Basingstoke, Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Muhlmann, G. (2008). Political history of journalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Mujica, H. (1982 [1967]). El Imperio de la Noticia: Algunos Problemas de la Información en El Mundo Contemporáneo. Caracas: Editorial de la Universidad Central de Venezuela.

Nerone, J. (2013). Why Journalism History Matters to Journalism Studies. American Journalism, 30(1), 15-28. DOI: 10.1080/08821127.2013.767693

Nye Jr, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 616(1), 94-109. DOI: 10.1177/0002716207311699

Obermayer, B. & Obermaier, F. (2017). The Panama Papers. London: Oneworld Publications.

Overholser, G. & Jamieson, K. H. (2005). The institutions of American democracy: The press. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Parameswaran, R. E. (1997). Colonial interventions and the postcolonial situation in India: the English language, mass media and the articulation of class. Gazette), 59(1), 21-41. DOI: 10.1177/0016549297059001003

Park, MJ. & Curran, J. (2000). De-Westernizing media studies. London: Psychology Press.

Paterson, C. A. & Sreberny, A. (2004). International news in the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Pollock, E. (2006). Stalin and the Soviet science wars. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Requejo-Alemán, J. L. & Lugo-Ocando, J. (2014). Assessing the sustainability of Latin American investigative non-profit journalism. Journalism Studies, 15(5), 522-532. DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2014.885269

Ruiz, I. & Olmedo, S. (2011). Medios de comunicación, cooperación internacional y responsabilidad social: nuevos espacios en España. Chasqui, 113, 55-59. Retrieved from http://www.revistachasqui.org/index.php/chasqui/article/view/96

Ryan, M. (2001). Journalistic ethics, objectivity, existential journalism, standpoint epistemology, and public journalism. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(1), 3-22. DOI: 10.1207/S15327728JMME1601_2

Schiller, D. (1981). Objectivity and the news: The public and the rise of commercial journalism. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Schramm, W. (1964). Mass media and national development: The role of information in the developing countries. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press Stanford, CA.

Schramm, W. (1971). Notes on Case Studies of Instructional Media Projects. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED092145

Schudson, M. (1976). Origins of the ideal of objectivity in the professions: studies in the history of American journalism and American law, 1830-1940: a thesis (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism, 2(2), 149-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F146488490100200201

Schudson, M. (2008). Public spheres, imagined communities, and the underdeveloped historical understanding of journalism Explorations in Communication and History (pp. 181-189). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

Silberstein-Loeb, J. (2014). The international distribution of news: the Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

Singer, J. B. (2007). Contested autonomy: Professional and popular claims on journalistic norms. Journalism studies, 8(1), 79-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700601056866

Skjerdal, T. S. (2012). The three alternative journalisms of Africa. International Communication Gazette, 74(7), 636-654. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1748048512458559

Sparks, C. (2007). Globalization, development and the mass media. Londres: Sage.

Steel, J. (2013). Journalism and free speech. Abingdon: Routledge.

Stevenson, R. L. (1988). Communication development and the Third World. The global politics of information. New York: Longman.

Thussu, D. K. (2006). Media on the move: Global flow and contra-flow. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.

Waisbord, S. (2013). Reinventing professionalism: Journalism and news in global perspective. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Ward, S. JA. (2015). The invention of journalism ethics: The path to objectivity and beyond (Vol. 38). Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP.

Wasserman, H. (2017). Media, Geopolitics and Power: A View from the Global South. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Zelizer, B. (2017). ‘Resetting Journalism in the Aftermath of Brexit and Trump’. Paper presentado en Media, Communication and Cultural Studies Association Annual Conference, Leeds, UK.

Os direitos autorais dos artigos publicados nesta revista são de propriedade dos autores, com direitos de primeira publicação para o periódico. Em virtude da aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, para fins educacionais e não-comerciais.

 

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.