Resumen
RESUMEN – Este estudio examina la cobertura periodística de los trágicos sucesos en la Mezquita de Al-Aqsa, centrándose en la cobertura del asalto de las fuerzas armadas israelíes a la mezquita por parte de tres importantes periódicos árabes: Al-Ayyam, Al-Ittihad y Asharq Al-Awsat. Mediante un enfoque de análisis de encuadre, esta investigación indaga cómo estos medios informaron sobre el conflicto israelí-palestino entre el 7 y el 13 de mayo de 2021. Las preguntas de investigación son las siguientes: (1) ¿Cuál es la profundidad de la cobertura del conflicto israelí-palestino? (2) ¿Cómo matizaron estos periódicos su cobertura del conflicto? (3) ¿Qué encuadres principales utilizaron en sus reportajes? (4) ¿Qué temas surgieron en la cobertura del conflicto? Dada la naturaleza altamente sensible y políticamente cargada del conflicto israelí-palestino, el estudio evita suposiciones y percepciones, tratando a los medios como una entidad polémica. Mediante el análisis de contenido, el estudio identifica encuadres y representaciones mediáticas divergentes en los tres periódicos. A pesar de la coherencia general con los contextos políticos nacionales e internacionales, se encontraron diferencias significativas en su cobertura. Cabe destacar que Asharq Al-Awsat alineó su cobertura con la postura de Egipto, reflejando la dinámica política entre Egipto y Arabia Saudita. En contraste, el encuadre mediático israelí posicionó a Israel como defensor de sus derechos, afirmando la legitimidad de sus reivindicaciones territoriales. El estudio revela cómo la perspectiva palestina se enmarca de manera diferente, a menudo destacando la tierra como inherentemente palestina. Los hallazgos demuestran cómo las afiliaciones políticas y los sistemas mediáticos influyen en el encuadre del conflicto israelí-palestino, ofreciendo nuevas perspectivas sobre la cobertura comparativa de este tema en los medios árabes. Esta investigación contribuye a los estudios periodísticos al destacar la variación en los encuadres mediáticos del conflicto israelí-palestino dentro de diferentes sistemas políticos y mediáticos, y subraya el papel del encuadre en la configuración de la percepción pública de esta crisis en curso.
ABSTRACT — This study examines the news reporting of the tragic events at the Al-Aqsa Mosque, focusing on the coverage of the Israeli armed forces’ assault on the mosque by three major Arab newspapers: Al-Ayyam, Al-Ittihad, and Asharq Al-Awsat. Utilizing a framing analysis approach, this research investigates how these media outlets reported the Israel-Palestine conflict from May 7, 2021, to May 13, 2021. The study research questions are as follows: (1) What is the depth of coverage of the Israel-Palestine conflict? (2) How did these newspapers tone their coverage of the conflict? (3) What major frames were used in their reporting? (4) What themes emerged in the coverage of the conflict? Given the highly sensitive and politically charged nature of the Israel-Palestine conflict, the study avoids assumptions and perceptions, treating the media as a polemic entity. Emp”loying content analysis, the study identifies divergent frames and media representations across the three newspapers. Despite general consistency with national and international political contexts, significant differences were found in their coverage. Notably, Asharq Al-Awsat aligned its coverage with Egypt’s position, reflecting the political dynamics between Egypt and Saudi Arabia. In contrast, the Israeli media frame positioned Israel as defending its rights, asserting the legitimacy of its territorial claims. The study reveals how the Palestinian perspective is framed differently, often highlighting the land as inherently Palestinian. The findings demonstrate how political affiliations and media systems influence the framing of the Israel-Palestine conflict, offering new insights into the comparative coverage of this issue in Arab media. This research contributes to journalism studies by highlighting the variance in media frames of the Israel-Palestine conflict within different political and media systems and underscores the role of framing in shaping public perceptions of this ongoing crisis.
RESUMO — Este estudo examina a cobertura jornalística dos trágicos eventos na Mesquita de Al-Aqsa, com foco na cobertura do ataque das forças armadas israelenses à mesquita por três importantes jornais árabes: Al-Ayyam, Al-Ittihad e Asharq Al-Awsat. Utilizando uma abordagem de análise de enquadramento, esta pesquisa investiga como esses veículos de comunicação noticiaram o conflito Israel-Palestina de 7 a 13 de maio de 2021. As questões de pesquisa são as seguintes: (1) qual a profundidade da cobertura do conflito Israel-Palestina? (2) Como esses jornais moderaram sua cobertura do conflito? (3) Quais foram os principais enquadramentos utilizados em suas reportagens? (4) Quais temas emergiram na cobertura do conflito? Dada a natureza altamente sensível e politicamente carregada do conflito Israel-Palestina, o estudo evita suposições e percepções, tratando a mídia como uma entidade polêmica. Empregando análise de conteúdo, o estudo identifica enquadramentos e representações midiáticas divergentes nos três jornais. Apesar da consistência geral com os contextos políticos nacionais e internacionais, foram encontradas diferenças significativas na cobertura. Notavelmente, o Asharq Al-Awsat alinhou sua cobertura com a posição do Egito, refletindo a dinâmica política entre o Egito e a Arábia Saudita. Em contraste, a cobertura da mídia israelense posicionou Israel como defensor de seus direitos, afirmando a legitimidade de suas reivindicações territoriais. O estudo revela como a perspectiva palestina é enquadrada de forma diferente, muitas vezes destacando a terra como inerentemente palestina. As descobertas demonstram como as afiliações políticas e os sistemas de mídia influenciam o enquadramento do conflito Israel-Palestina, oferecendo novas perspectivas sobre a cobertura comparativa dessa questão na mídia árabe. Esta pesquisa contribui para os estudos de jornalismo ao destacar a variação nos enquadramentos midiáticos do conflito Israel-Palestina em diferentes sistemas políticos e de mídia e ressalta o papel do enquadramento na formação das percepções públicas dessa crise em curso.
Citas
Abazadze, G. (2024). Media Coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict–Challenges and Problems. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, (2), 15–19. DOI:10.29013/EJHSS-24-2-15-19
Abdulhadi, R. (2019). Israeli Settler Colonialism in Context: Celebrating (Palestinian) Death and Normalizing Gender and Sexual Violence. Feminist Studies, 45(2), 541-573. DOI: 10.1353/fem.2019.0025
Ahmad, N. (2025). It is a Sticky Wicket: The Organizational Values of the BBC World News and Al Jazeera English. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 33(4), 1–15. DOI: 10.1080/15456870.2025.2456581
Alaawsat. (2021, May 8). Dozens Injured in Clashes Between Israeli Police and Palestinians at Al-Aqsa Mosque. Retrieved from https://aawsat.com
AlAshry, M. (2021). A Comparative Analysis of the Reportage of Covid-19 During the First and Second Wave: A Case of the Egyptian and Jordanian Newspapers. International Journal of Media and Information Literacy, 6(1), 17–33. DOI: 10.13187/ijmil.2021.1.17
AlAshry, M. S. (2022). A Critical Analysis of Journalists’ Freedom of Expression and Access to Information While Reporting on Covid-19 Issues: A Case of Selected Arab Countries. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 20(2), 193–212. DOI: 10.1108/JICES-06-2021-0066
Al-Ayyam. (2021, May 11). Thwarting the Storming of Al-Aqsa and Forcing the Cancellation of the Provocative “Flags March” in Jerusalem. Retrieved from www.Al-ayyam.ps/ar_page.php?id=14927562y345142626Y14927562
Al-Ayyam. (2021, May 22). Dozens of Injuries and Arrests in the Renewed Storming of Al-Aqsa and the Suppression of Marches in the West Bank. Al-Ayyam Online Newsaper. Retrieved from www.Al-ayyam.ps/ar_page.php?id=14969466y345412710Y14969466
Al-Ayyam. (2021, May 26). Minister Salem: We Affirm our Support for our Political Leadership in the Face of the Occupation’s Attacks on our People and our Activities. Retrieved from www.Al-ayyam.ps/ar_page.php?id=1498950cy345543948Y1498950c
Al-Ayyam. (2023, December 27). History of Al-Ayyam. Retrieved from https://www.al-ayyam.ps/
Ali, S., Shah, S. Z. A., Hussain, T., & Nasir, N. U. A. (2020). A Century Later, Why Balfour Declaration-1917 Still Haunts the Middle East? Ilkogretim Online, 19(3), 3.514–3.520. Retrieved from https://ilkogretim-online.org/index.php/pub/article/view/6865
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 19). The Palestinian Foreign Ministry Holds the Security Council Responsible for its "failure to Stop the Israeli Aggression". Al-Ittihad. Retrieved from www.Al-Ittihad 44.com
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 20). Abu Marzouk Expects a Ceasefire Within Two Days at Most. Retrieved from www.alittihad44.com
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 22). The Occupation Forces a Palestinian to Demolish his House under the Pretext of “No Permit”. Retrieved from https://www.alittihad44.com
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 25). Nasrallah Threatens Israel: Harming Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa will not Stop at the Borders of the “Gaza Resistance”. Retrieved from www.Al-Ittihad 44.com/
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 25). Safadi meets Abbas in Ramallah to Confirm Jordanian Support and Coordination to Stop the Israeli Aggression. Retrieved from https://www.alittihad44.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 26). In Conjunction with the Launch of the Court: The Occupation Forces Suppress Demonstrators against the Displacement Plan in Silwan. Al-Ittihad Online Newspaper. Retrived from https://www.Al-Ittihad 44.com/
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 27). The Palestinian Foreign Ministry: International Positions are Insufficient and Incomplete unless Israel is Forced to End its Aggression. Retrieved from https://law4palestine.org/palestinian-mofa-the-international-position-remains-inadequate-unless-israel-is-forced-to-end-its-attacks/
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 27). The Human Rights Council Votes in Favor of Opening an Investigation into the Crimes of Aggression against Gaza. Al-Ittihad Online Newspaper. Retrieved from https://www.alittihad44.com/
Al-Ittihad. (2021, May 27). The Palestinian Foreign Ministry: International Positions are Insufficient and Incomplete unless Israel is Forced to End its Aggression. Al-Ittihad Online Newspaper. Retrieved from https://www.alittihad44.com
Al-Ittihad. (2023, December 27). Who We Are. Retrieved from www-alittihad44-com.translate.goog/about?_x_tr_sl=ar&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc
Al-Jamal, M., & Al-Sheikh, K. (2021, May 11). 20 Martyrs and Dozens of Injuries in a Massive Air Attack on the Gaza Strip, and the Resistance Fires Dozens of Shells. Al-Ayyam. Retrieved from www.Al-ayyam.ps/ar_page.php?id=14927cd0y345144528Y14927cd0
Al-Jazeera. (2015, September 21). Analysis: Why Israel Wants a Religious War over Al-Aqsa. Al-Jazeera. Retrieved from www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/9/21/analysis-why-israel-wants-a-religious-war-over-al-aqsa
Alkalliny, S. (2017). Framing of Media Coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in CNN and FoxNews. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS), 2(4), 161–165. DOI: 10.24001/ijels.2.4.20
Al-Tel, O. I. (2021). Historical Narratives on the Reconstruction of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Early Islam. Journal of Al-Tamaddun, 16(2), 59–73. DOI: 10.22452/jat.vol16no2.5
Asharq Al-Awsat. (2021, May 17). Diplomats: Washington Rejects a Draft UN Statement on the Conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. Asharq Al-Awsat Online Newspaper. Retrieved from https://aawsat.com/.
Asharq Al-Awsat. (2021, May 29). The 11-Day War... that Brought the “Two-State Solution” Back to the Table. Asharq Al-Awsat. Retrieved from https://aawsat.com/
Asharq Al-Awsat. (2023, December 29). About Us. Retrieved from https://english.aawsat.com/about-us
Attar, D., & King, G. (2023). Media framing of the Intifada of the Knives. Media, War & Conflict, 16(4), 563–581. DOI: 10.1177/17506352221149554
Baden, C., & Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K. (2017). Convergent News? A Longitudinal Study of Similarity and Dissimilarity in the Domestic and Global Coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 1–25. DOI: 10.1111/jcom.12272
Barari, H. A., & Yacoub, R. (2024). Unmasking Media Bias and Religious Zionism’s Impeding Political Influence on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. American Journal of Arts and Human Science, 3(3), 1–11. DOI: 10.54536/ajahs.v3i3.2461
Bensalem, A. A. (2024). Al-Aqsa Flood: Renewing the Palestinian Resistance. Journal of Law and Interdisciplinary Science, 3(1), 1–19. Retrieved from https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/242976
Berger, M. (2013). Palestine’s Occupied Fourth Estate: An Inside Look at the Work Lives of Palestinian Print Journalists. Arab Media & Society, (17), 1–27. Retrieved from https://arabmediasociety.com/post_issue/issue-17-winter-2013/
Bhowmik, S., & Fisher, J. (2023). Framing the Israel-Palestine Conflict 2021: Investigation of CNN’s Coverage from a Peace Journalism Perspective. Media, Culture & Society, 45(5), 1019-1035. DOI: 10.1177/01634437231154766
Boqa, N. (2009). Palestinian Internally Displaced Persons inside Israel: Challenging the Solid Structures. Palestine – Israel Journal of Politic, 15(4), 1–11. Retrieved from www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/R22717.pdf
Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2012). Quantitative data analysis with IBM SPSS 17, 18 & 19: A guide for social scientists. Routledge.
Chomsky, N., & Herman, E. S. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. Pantheon Books.
Connolly-Ahern, C., & Golan, G. J. (2007). Press Freedom and Religion: Measuring the Association Between Press Freedom and Religious Composition. Journal of Media and Religion, 6(1), 63–76. DOI: 10.1080/15348420701338526
De Vries, M., & Majlaton, M. (2021). The Voice of Silence: Patterns of Digital Participation Among Palestinian Women in East Jerusalem. Media and Communication, 9(4), 309-319. DOI: 10.17645/mac.v9i4.4391
Dimitrova, D. V., & Connolly-Ahern, C. (2007). A Tale of Two Wars: Framing Analysis of Online News Sites in Coalition Countries and the Arab World during the Iraq War. Howard Journal of Communications, 18(2), 153–168. DOI: 10.1080/10646170701309973
El Damanhoury, K., Saleh, F., & Lebovic, M. (2025). Covering the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Al Jazeera English and BBC’s Online Reporting on the 2023 Gaza War. Journalism and Media, 6(1), 1–16. DOI: 10.3390/journalmedia6010009
Elmasry, M. H. (2009). Producing the news in Egypt: A press system study of Cairo newspapers [doctoral dissertation unpublished]. University of Iowa.
Entman, R. (1993). Media Framing Biases and Political Power: Explaining Slant in News of Campaign 2008. Journalism, 11(1), 389–402. DOI: 10.1177/1464884910367587
Entman, M. R. (1993). Cascading Activation: Contesting the White House’s Frame After 9/11. Political Communication, 20(4), 415– 432. DOI: 10.1080/10584600390244176
Fahmy, S. S., Salama, M., & Alsaba, M. R. (2024). Shattered Lives, Unbroken Stories: Journalists’ Perspectives from the Frontlines of the Israel–Gaza War. Online Media and Global Communication, 3(2), 151–180. DOI: 10.1515/omgc-2024-0012
Farrell, S., & Ayyub, R. (2021, May 7). Israeli Police, Palestinians Clash at Jerusalem’s Al-Aqsa, Scores Injured. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/thousands-pack-al-aqsa-mosque-protest-palestinian-evictions-jerusalem-2021-05-07/
Forbidden Stories. (2024, June 25). The Gaza Project: How Forbidden Stories Investigated the Killing of Nearly 100 Journalists in Gaza. Retrieved from https://forbiddenstories.org/the-gaza-project-how-forbidden-stories-investigated-the-killing-of-nearly-100-journalists-in-gaza/
Gamus, F. M. A. (2024). Muhammad Ali Jauhar’s Burial at the Al-Aqsa Mosque: A Model of Indian-Palestinian Relations during the British Mandate. Ostour: A Bi-annual Peer-reviewed Journal for Historical Studies, 10(20), 223–244. Retrieved from https://ostour.dohainstitute.org/en/Issue20/Pages/art12.aspx
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Northeastern UP.
Goffman, E., & Best, J. (2008). Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face to Face Behavior. Transaction Publishers.
Hamid, R., & Morris, A. (2021). Media Reporting on Palestine. Centre for Media Monitoring. Retrieved from https://mcb.org.uk/resources/media-reporting-palestine/
Hassan, M. A. (2012, May 13). The Problem with Mainstream Western Media’s Coverage of Palestine. The Daily Star. Retrieved from www.thedailystar.net/middle-east/news/the-problem-mainstream-western-medias-coverage-palestine-2092757
Hitman, G., & Lewin, E. (2024). The Manipulative Evolution of Muslim and Jewish Narratives Regarding the Temple Mount. Journal of Political Ideologies, 31(1), 1–23. DOI: 10.1080/13569317.2024.2356529
Holguera Illera, J. (2018). Framing theory in studies of environmental information in press. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality. GRIAL Research Group.
Hroub, K. (2021). Palestinian nationalism, religious (un)claims, and the struggle against Zionism. In N. N. Rouhana & N. Shalhoub-Kevorkian (Eds.), When politics are sacralized (pp. 365–386). Cambridge University Press.
Husseini, I. (2021, May 10). Palestinians Recount Violent Raid by Israeli Forces on Al-Aqsa. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/10/palestinians-recount-violent-raid-by-israeli-forces-on-al-aqsa
Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. University of Chicago Press.
Kamil, M. (2020). Postspatial, Postcolonial: Accessing Palestine in the Digital. Social Text, 38(3), 55-82. DOI: 10.1215/01642472-8352247
Kellner, D. (2003). The Persian Gulf TV War. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780429313509-7
Kingsley, P. (2021, May 15). After Years of Quiet, Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Exploded. Why Now? New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/world/middleeast/israel-palestinian-gaza-war.html
Landau, J. M. (2015). The Arabs in Israel: A Political Study. Routledge.
Lecoquierre, M. (2023). Ribāṭ in Palestine: Life on the Frontier. Contemporary Levant, 8(2), 157-173. DOI: 10.1080/20581831.2023.2246798
Liebes, T. (1992). Television, parents, and the political socialization of children. Teachers College Record, 94(1), 73–86. DOI: 10.1177/016146819209400109
Machungo, F. G. (2012). Trends and Content of Media Coverage of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Africa by Three Influential US Newspapers, 1983–2008. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Mantell, G., Steffens, M., Cochran, B., & McCombs, A. (2014). Objectivity under fire: Media coverage of the 10th anniversary of the Iraq War. University of Missouri–Columbia.
McQuail, D. (1994). Mass communication theory: An introduction. Sage.
Mushtaq, S. (2023). Understanding of Israel-Palestine Conflict: Historical and Theological Perspectives. Al-Salihat (Journal of Women, Society, and Religion), 2(1), 19–29.
Moy, P., Tewksbury, D., & Rinke, E. M. (2019). Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, 1(1), 1–13. DOI: 10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect266
Neuman, W. R., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (1992). Common Knowledge. News and the Construction of Political Meaning. University of Chicago Press.
Noor, M. N., Prankumar, S. K., Alkhaldi, M., & Torres, I. (2025). Academic Voices on the Health and Humanitarian Crises in Gaza. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 41(2), 124–140. DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2025.2473802
Ozohu-Suleiman, Y. (2014). War journalism on Israel/Palestine: Does contra-flow really make a difference? Media, War & Conflict, 7(1), 66–84. DOI: 10.1177/1750635213516697
Pampackal, C. S. (2021). The Politics of the Al-Aqsa Conflict: Past, Present and Future. Defence and Diplomacy Journal, 10(4), 87–95. Retrieved from https://capssindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/8.-Cyriac-S.-Pampackal.pdf
Qasem, A., & Hussein, A. B. (2018). “Law and Order” vs. “Injustice and Defiance”: Al Jazeera and CNN framing of the 2017 Temple Mount/Al Aqsa Mosque Conflict. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 25–34. DOI: 10.2478/mjss-2018-0002
Rizova, H., & Panayotova, M. (2021). Online News Media Framing of the 2021 Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Al Jazeera, BBC and CNN [master’s thesis, Malmö University Sweden]. http://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1597349/FULLTEXT02.pdf
Salameh, F. (2018). The Other Middle East: An Anthology of Modern Levantine Literature. Yale University Press.
Shahzad, F., Qazi, T. A., & Shehzad, R. (2023). Framing of Israel and Palestine conflict in RT News, Al-Jazeera, CNN & BBC News. Global Digital & Print Media Review, 6(2), 1–14. DOI: 10.31703/gdpmr.2023(VI-II).01
Shreim, N. (2012). War in Gaza: A cross-cultural analysis of news reporting and reception [Doctoral dissertation, Loughborough University]. Loughborough’s Institutional Repository.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). (2025, May 4). Humanitarian Update on Gaza Conflict. Retrieved from https://www.unocha.org/gaza
Valkenburg, P. M., Semetko, H. A., & De Vreese, C. H. (1999). The Effects of News Frames on Readers’ Thoughts and Recall. Communication Research, 26(5), 550–569. DOI: 10.1177/009365099026005002
Warraich, S. K., Khan, M., & Ahmed, U. (2024). Human Rights Violations: A Case Study of Palestine (2000-2024). Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 8(2), 45–51. DOI: 10.47205/plhr.2024(8-II-S)05
Waterton, E., & Watson, S. (2013). Framing theory: Towards a critical imagination in heritage studies. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 19(6), 546–561. DOI: 10.1080/13527258.2013.779295
Waxman, D. (2019). The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/wentk/9780190625320.003.0003
Webster, M. (1828). Fascism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism
Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Media and political conflict: News from the Middle East. Cambridge University Press.

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2026 Brazilian journalism research
